Roll
no :- 17
Year :- 2017-2019
Paper
no :- The Post-colonial Literature
Enorllment
no :-
2069108420180002
Email
id :- kajalbambha16@gmail.com
Submitted to :-
Smt.S.B Gardi Department of
English, MKBU
Topic: Postcolonialism
Post colonialism is an interdisciplinary field. First of all
let’s understand the meaning of post colonialism Post colonialism or postcolonial studies is
an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that
analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and
imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and
establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people and
their land. Drawing from postmodern schools of thought, postcolonial studies
analyses the politics of knowledge creation, control, and distribution by
analyzing the functional relations of social and political power that sustain
colonialism and neocolonialism the how and the why of an imperial regime's
representations social, political, cultural of the imperial colonizer and of
the colonized people. As a genre of contemporary history, post colonialism
questions and reinvents the modes of cultural perception the ways of viewing
and of being viewed. As anthropology, post colonialism records human relations
among the colonial nations and the subaltern peoples exploited by colonial
rule. As critical theory, post colonialism presents, explains, and illustrates
the ideology and the praxis of neocolonialism, with examples drawn from the
humanities history and political science, philosophy and Marxist theory,
sociology, anthropology, and human geography; the cinema, religion, and
theology; feminism, linguistics, and postcolonial literature, of which the
anti-conquest narrative genre presents the stories of colonial subjugation of
the subaltern man and woman.
Ø What is Postcolonialism ?
Colonialism is the
physical occupation of territory and post-colonialism deals with the effects of
colonialism on cultural and societies. In her book colonialism and post
colonialism, she mainly discussed about how colonialism relevant with the
person, place or anything.
View of Ania Lomb’s
An
extension of a nations rule over territory beyond its borders. It also refers
to the establishment and maintenance of colonies in one territory by people
from another country. Colonialism is the process where the sovereignty over the
colony is claimed by the colonizer.The social structure, government, and
economics of the colony are changed by the colonist.Colonialism also refers to
the period of history from the 15th to the 20th century
when European nation established colonies in other continents. Colonialism is
the relationship between an indigenous majority and minority foreign attackers.
The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the
colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial powers in pursuit of
interests that are often defined by the imperial power. Rejecting
cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are
convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule. I have
put a image through idea how the colonize become growth for all world or
properly at England. That Map clear to how the all world colonizer in country. The postcolonial seems to have become ubiquitous.
Today postcolonial .Theory has been taken up in almost every discipline in the
humanitiesand social sciences, from anthropology to medieval studies to
theology.It is not only about migration: intellectually it has taken the form
ofTransdisciplinary migration. It knows
no boundaries, whether of disciPline nation or peoples. After the disciplinary
dispersion of the postcolonial what if
anything, we might ask, remains of the postcolonial
as
such?
.
Ø Definition: Post-colonialism
Post-colonialism
is an intellectual direction sometimes also called an era or the post-colonial
theory that exists since around the middle of the 20th century. It developed
from and mainly refers to the time after colonialism. The post-colonial
direction was created as colonial countries became independent. Nowadays,
aspects of post-colonialism can be found not only in sciences concerning
history, literature and politics, but also in approach to culture and identity
of both the countries that were colonized and the former colonial powers.
However, post-colonialism can take the colonial time as well as the time after
colonialism into consideration. Post colonialism is an interdisciplinary field
that examines the global impact of European colonialism; it begins in the 15th
century to the present. Post colonialism as both a body of theory and a study
of political and cultural change. It is broadly a study of the effects of
colonialism on cultures and society.
Ø Postcolonial identity:-
A decolonized people develop a postcolonial identity from the cultural interactions among the types of identity cultural, national, ethnic and the social relations of sex, class, and caste; determined by the gender and the race of the colonized person; and the racism inherent to the structures of a colonial society. Postcolonial writers interested in nationhood and nationalism Post colonialism deals with the conflicts between ruler & subject, mainstream & marginalized Reclaiming the past, searching for cultural and personal identity.
Ø Development
of postcolonial theory:
The term decolonization seems to be of
particular importance while talking about post-colonialism. In this case it
means an intellectual process that persistently transfers the independence of
former-colonial countries into people’s minds. The basic idea of this process
is the deconstruction of old-fashioned perceptions and attitudes of power and
oppression that were adopted during the time of colonialism.
First attempts to put this long-term policy of “decolonizing the minds” into practice could be regarded in the Indian population after India became independent from the British Empire in 1947. However, post-colonialism has increasingly become an object of scientific examination since 1950 when Western intellectuals began to get interested in the Third World countries. In the seventies, this interest lead to an integration of discussions about post-colonialism in various study courses at American Universities. Nowadays it also plays a remarkable role at European Universities.A major aspect of post-colonialism is the rather violent-like, unbuffered contact or clash of cultures as an inevitable result of former colonial times; the relationship of the colonial power to the formerly colonized country, its population and culture and vice versa seems extremely ambiguous and contradictory.
This contradiction of two clashing cultures and the wide scale of problems resulting from it must be regarded as a major theme in post-colonialism For centuries the colonial suppressor often had been forcing his civilized values on the natives. But when the native populations finally gained independence, the colonial relicts were still omnipresent, deeply integrated in the natives’ minds and we supposed to be removed.sssSo decolonization is a process of change, destruction and, in the first place, an attempt to regain and lose power. While natives had to learn how to put independence into practice, colonial powers had to accept the loss of power over foreign countries. However, both sides have to deal with their past as suppressor and suppressed.
First attempts to put this long-term policy of “decolonizing the minds” into practice could be regarded in the Indian population after India became independent from the British Empire in 1947. However, post-colonialism has increasingly become an object of scientific examination since 1950 when Western intellectuals began to get interested in the Third World countries. In the seventies, this interest lead to an integration of discussions about post-colonialism in various study courses at American Universities. Nowadays it also plays a remarkable role at European Universities.A major aspect of post-colonialism is the rather violent-like, unbuffered contact or clash of cultures as an inevitable result of former colonial times; the relationship of the colonial power to the formerly colonized country, its population and culture and vice versa seems extremely ambiguous and contradictory.
This contradiction of two clashing cultures and the wide scale of problems resulting from it must be regarded as a major theme in post-colonialism For centuries the colonial suppressor often had been forcing his civilized values on the natives. But when the native populations finally gained independence, the colonial relicts were still omnipresent, deeply integrated in the natives’ minds and we supposed to be removed.sssSo decolonization is a process of change, destruction and, in the first place, an attempt to regain and lose power. While natives had to learn how to put independence into practice, colonial powers had to accept the loss of power over foreign countries. However, both sides have to deal with their past as suppressor and suppressed.
Ø Post colonial critics :-
Edward Said, Bill Ashcroft, Nagugi wa
Thiongo, Homi Bhabha, Frantz Fanon, Chinua Achebe, Leela Gandhi, Gayatri
Spivak, Hamid Dabashi, Helen Tiffin.
Some of the writers’ contribution is notable
in post colonial writing.
1) Edward Said:
In his work he describe the "binary
social relation" with which Western Europe intellectually divided the
world—into the "Occident" and the "Orient"—the cultural
critic Edward Said developed the denotations and connotations of the term
Orientalism (an art-history term for Western depictions and the study of the
Orient). This is the concept that the cultural representations generated with
us-and-them binary relation are social constructs. He should be considered as
the ‘father of post colonialism.’
2) Gayatri Spivak:
In establishing the Postcolonial definition
of the term Subaltern, the philosopher and theoretician Gayatri Chakravorty
Spivak cautioned against assigning an over-broad connotation Spivak also
introduced the terms essentialism and strategic essentialism to describe the
social functions of post colonialism. Spivak developed and applied Foucault's
term epistemic violence to describe the destruction of non Western ways of
perceiving the world, and the resultant dominance of the Western ways of
perceiving the world. Her work like ‘can subaltern speak’ is deal with this.
3) Homi Bhabha:
Homi Bhabha’s work including ‘The
location of culture’ focuses on the politics, emotions and values that exist in
the space between the colonizers and colonized. Bhabha like to use the word
“Hybrid” to describe post colonial people.
Ø Post-colonial development in India:
The Partition of
India also called the Great Divided lead to huge movements and an ethnic
conflict across the Indin-Pakistani border. Today, apart from the significant
economic progress, India is still facing its old problems: Poverty,
overpopulation, environmental pollution as well as ethnic and religious
conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. Concerning post-colonial literature,
Edward Said’s book “Orientalism” published in 1978 is regarded as the beginning
of post-colonial studies. In this book the author analyses how European states
initiated colonialism as a result of what they called their own racial
superiority.
The religious-ethnic conflicts between
different groups of people play an important role in the early years of
post-colonialism. Eye-witnesses from both sides of the Indian-Pakistani
conflict wrote about their feelings and experience during genocide, being
confronted to blind and irrational violence and hatred. The Partition is often
described as an Indian trauma.
One example for a post-colonial scriptwriter
who wrote about this conflict is Saddat Hasan Manto 1912 to1955. He was forced
to leave Bombay and to settle in Lahore, Pakistan. He published a collection of
stories and sketches that deal with this dark era of Indian history and its
immense social consequences and uncountable tragedies.
Furthermore, there are many different
approaches to the topic of intercultural exchange between the British and the
Indian population. Uncountable essays and novels deal with the ambiguous
relationship between these two nations. One particularly interesting phenomenon
is that authors from both sides try to write from different angles and
perspectives and in that way to show empathy with their cultural counterpart.
The most famous novelist who wrote about
these social and cultural exchanges is Salman Rushdie. Rushdie, who won the
booker prize among various others, was born in India, but studied in England
and started writing books about India and the British in the early eighties.
His funny, brave, metaphoric and sometimes even ironical way of writing offers
a multi-perspective approach to the post-colonial complex. This can be also
seen in his book “Midnight’s Children”.
Another famous post-colonial novel is Heat
and Dust published in 1975 by Ruth
Prawer Jhabvala that contains two plot set in different times: One about a
British lady starting an affair with a local Indian prince in the 1920s, the
other one set in the 1970s, featuring young Europeans on a “hippie trail” who
claim they have left behind Western civilization and are trying to some
spiritual home among Indian gurus. India has managed to become an independent state
with its own political system and is still working to find its own identity.
The longer the process of decolonization, the more we get the impression that
only a middle course between the acceptance of British legacies and the
creation of a new unique Indian self-confidence will be the right way to go for
India.
Ø Conclusion:-
Ania Lomba defined colonialism and Post colonialism through the Various angles and discourse. That I’m trying to put in a very simple way. In which she was mainly discussed about colonialism and Postcolonialism, imperialism, Neo-colonialism and Identities, Race, Psychoanalysis, Gender sexuality, Hybridity, Nationalism, and Globalization etc. some core points of her view towards ‘colonialism Postcolonialism.
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