Assignment paper no.12

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Name                :-   Bambha Kajal A

 Sem                  :-   3

 Roll no              :-   17

Year                  :-   2017-2019

Paper no           :-   The Post-colonial  Literature

Enorllment no  :-  2069108420180002 
 Email id           :-   kajalbambha16@gmail.com

 Submitted to   :-   Smt.S.B Gardi Department of  English,          

                              MKBU                                                

Topic: - Krashen’s five hypotheses for second language                                acquisition.

Ø Introduction

Stephen Krashen’s is professor emeritus at the University of Southern California, who moved from the linguistics department to the faculty of the School of Education in 1994. He is a linguist, educational researcher, and activist.

Stephen Krashen’s University of  Southern California is an expert in the field of linguistics, specializing in theories of language acquisition and development. Much  of his recent research has involved the study of non-English and bilingual language acquisition. During the past 20 years, he has published well over 100 books and articles and has been invited to deliver over 300 lectures at universities throughout the United States and Canada. Krashen’s widely known and well accepted theory of second language acquisition has had a large impact in all areas of second language research and teaching since the 1980s.
In a front-page New Times Los Angeles article published just a week before the vote on Proposition 227, Jill Stewart penned an aggressive article titled 'Krashen’s Burn' in which she characterized Krashen’s as wedded to the monied interests of a "multi-million-dollar bilingual education industry." Stewart critically spoke of Krashen’s as the father of bilingual education. Krashen’s has been widely criticized in conservative and nativist political circles due to his influence on the field of language minority education, second-language acquisition, and his efforts to educate the public on matters related to English language learners in schools.
Krashen’s has been an advocate for a more activist role by researchers in combating the public's misconceptions about  bilingual education. Addressing the question of how to explain public  opposition to bilingual education, Krashen’s queried, "Is it due to a stubborn disinformation campaign on the part of newspapers and other news media to deliberately destroy bilingual education? And  is it due to the failure of the profession to present its side of the story to reporters? There is a great deal of anecdotal evidence in support of the latter."

According to Krashen there are two independent systems of second language performance: 'the acquired system' and 'the learned system'. The 'acquired system' or 'acquisition' is the product of a subconscious process very similar to the process children undergo when they acquire their first language. The 'learned system' or 'learning' is the product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge 'about' the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules. According to Krashen’s 'learning' is less important than 'acquisition'. Krashen’s believes that the result of learning, learned competence (LC) functions as a monitor or editor. That is, while AC is responsible for our fluent production of sentences, LC makes correction on these sentences either before or after their production.

Ø Second Language Acquisition 

Ø Second Language Acquisition research is the study of how people learn a language other than their mother tongue. The goals of  Second Language Acquisition (SLA ) research are to describe how second language acquisition proceeds and to identify factors that account for the reasons why learners acquire an SL in the way they do. An overall comprehension of  SLA research will facilitate educators’ development of appropriate syllabi and methodologies in language classrooms. First we know about what is First language?

Ø What is First language?

1)   First language means mother tongue .Primary language that the child would learn.

2)   First language has an importance influence on the second language acquisition.

3)   First language is our identity

 Ø what is Second language Acquisition?

Second language acquisition or (SLA) is the process of learning other languages in addition to the native language.

For instance, a child who speaks Hindi as the mother tongue starts learning English when he starts going to school.

     Second language acquisition is learning a second language  after a first language is already established.  Many times this happens when a child who speaks a language other than English goes to school for the first time. Children have an easier time learning a second language, but anyone can do it at any age. It takes a lot of practice. 

Summary 1:-

Ø Summary of Krashen's Theory of Second Language Acquisition

Stephen Krashen’s is a Second Language Acquisition researcher and professor at University of Southern California who has been publishing and speaking since the 1980’s. 

" Language acquisition does not require extensive use of conscious grammatical rules, and does not require tedious drill." Stephen Krashen’s

" Acquisition requires meaningful interaction in the target language - natural communication - in which speakers are concerned not with the form of their utterances but with the messages they are conveying and understanding." Stephen Krashen’s

"The best methods are therefore those that supply 'comprehensible input' in low anxiety situations, containing messages that students really want to hear. These methods do not force early production in the second language, but allow students to produce when they are 'ready', recognizing that improvement comes from supplying communicative and comprehensible input, and not from forcing and correcting production." Stephen Krashen’s

Krashen's theory of second language acquisition consists of five main hypotheses:

1)       The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis,

2)       The Monitor hypothesis,

3)       The Input hypothesis,

4)       The Natural Order hypothesis,

5)       The Affective Filter hypothesis.

1)   The Acquisition-Learning hypothesis

           According to Krashen’s learned language cannot be turned into acquisition. It is pointless spending a lot of time learning grammar rules, since this will not help us become better users of the language in authentic situations. At most, the knowledge we gain about the language will help us in direct tests of that knowledge or in situations when we have time to self-correct, as in the editing of a piece of writing.

The 'learned system' and  'learning' is the product of formal instruction and it comprises a conscious process which results in conscious knowledge 'about' the language, for example knowledge of grammar rules. According to Krashen 'learning' is less important than 'acquisition'.

2) The Monitor Hypothesis

As is mentioned, adult second language learners have two means for internalising the target language. The first is 'acquisition' which is a subconscious and intuitive process of constructing the system of a language. The second means is a conscious learning process in which learners attend to form, figure out rules and are generally aware of their own process. The 'monitor' is an aspect of this second process. It edits and make alterations or corrections as they are consciously perceived. Krashen believes that 'fluency' in second language performance is due to 'what we have acquired', not 'what we have learned': Adults should do as much acquiring as possible for the purpose of achieving communicative fluency. Therefore, the monitor should have only a minor role in the process of gaining communicative competence. Similarly, Krashen suggests three conditions for its use:
 (1) there must be enough time;
 (2) the focus must be on form and not on meaning;
 (3) the learner must know the rule.

(3)The Input hypothesis

The Input hypothesis is Krashen's attempt to explain how the learner acquires a second language – how second language acquisition takes place. The Input hypothesis is only concerned with 'acquisition', not 'learning'. According to this hypothesis, the learner improves and progresses when he/she receives second language 'input' that is one step beyond his/her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a learner is at a stage 'i', then acquisition takes place when he/she is exposed to 'Comprehensible Input' that belongs to level 'i + 1'. We can then define 'Comprehensible Input' as the target language that the learner would not be able to produce but can still understand. It goes beyond the choice of words and involves presentation of context, explanation, rewording of unclear parts, the use of visual cues and meaning negotiation. The meaning successfully conveyed constitutes the learning experience.

(4) The Natural Order Hypothesis

According to the hypothesis, the acquisition of grammatical structures proceeds in a predicted progression. Certain grammatical structures or morphemes are acquired before others in first language acquisition and there is a similar natural order in SLA. The average order of acquisition of grammatical morphemes for English as an 'acquired' language is given below:

-Ing-------Aux---------Irregular------Regular Past
Plural----->Article---->Past---------->3rd Sing.
 

The implication of natural order is not that second or foreign language teaching materials should be arranged in accordance with this sequence but that acquisition is subconscious and free from conscious intervention.

    The Natural Order hypothesis is based on research findings which suggested that the acquisition of grammatical structures follows a 'natural order' which is predictable.

(5) The Affective Filter Hypothesis

The learner's emotional state, according to Krashen, is just like an adjustable filter which freely passes or hinders input necessary to acquisition. In other words, input must be achieved in low-anxiety contexts since acquirers with a low affective filter receive more input and interact with confidence. The filter is 'affective' because there are some factors which regulate its strength. These factors are self-confidence, motivation and anxiety state.

Ø THE DEGREE OF PHONETIC SIGNALING IN THE LANGUAGE AND THE INEFFICIENCY OF LEARNING:

It's also easy to assess the degree of phonetic signalling of languages and understand the importance that that aspect has. If we analyse and compare Spanish and Portuguese with English, we conclude that there is a significant difference, being English considerably more economical and compact than the Romance languages. This means a greater difficulty in achieving oral proficiency in the target language when going from Portuguese or Spanish to English than going the opposite direction. It also means that more time needs to be devoted to the practice of the spoken language (especially listening) and less time spent on the study of text and grammatical items.

Ø Process oriented research:

            The term ‘modified interaction’ refers to instance during an interaction when the speaker alters the form in which language is encoded to make it more comprehensible. This research into modified interaction was strongly influenced by Krashen’s hypothesis that comprehensible input was a necessary and sufficient condition for SLA. Long has also done research upon tasks of SLA, he has given three stages which are connected with each other.

1.     Conversational adjustment

2.     Comprehensible input

3.    Acquisition 

Ø Conclusion:

At the concluding part I won’t to say that Second Language acquisition as a discipline in CA, error analysis and inter language development. Nunan examine research into SLA in both naturalistic and instructional settings, considering both process and product oriented study

http://esl.fis.edu/teachers/support/krashen.htm

http://www.fampeople.com/cat-stephen-krashen

Assignment paper no.11

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  Name                 :-  Bambha Kajal A  Sem                

 Roll no              :-   17

 Year                  :-   2017-2019

 Paper no           :-   The Post-colonial  Literature

Enorllment no    :-  2069108420180002

 Email id            :-   kajalbambha16@gmail.com

Submitted to      :-   Smt.S.B Gardi Department of  English, MKBU

             

Topic:    Postcolonialism

Introduction:-

Post colonialism is an interdisciplinary field. First of all let’s understand the meaning of post colonialism  Post colonialism or postcolonial studies is an academic discipline featuring methods of intellectual discourse that analyze, explain, and respond to the cultural legacies of colonialism and imperialism, to the human consequences of controlling a country and establishing settlers for the economic exploitation of the native people and their land. Drawing from postmodern schools of thought, postcolonial studies analyses the politics of knowledge creation, control, and distribution by analyzing the functional relations of social and political power that sustain colonialism and neocolonialism the how and the why of an imperial regime's representations social, political, cultural of the imperial colonizer and of the colonized people. As a genre of contemporary history, post colonialism questions and reinvents the modes of cultural perception the ways of viewing and of being viewed. As anthropology, post colonialism records human relations among the colonial nations and the subaltern peoples exploited by colonial rule. As critical theory, post colonialism presents, explains, and illustrates the ideology and the praxis of neocolonialism, with examples drawn from the humanities history and political science, philosophy and Marxist theory, sociology, anthropology, and human geography; the cinema, religion, and theology; feminism, linguistics, and postcolonial literature, of which the anti-conquest narrative genre presents the stories of colonial subjugation of the subaltern man and woman.

Ø What is Postcolonialism ?

Colonialism is the physical occupation of territory and post-colonialism deals with the effects of colonialism on cultural and societies. In her book colonialism and post colonialism, she mainly discussed about how colonialism relevant with the person, place or anything.    

                                        

                                                 View of Ania Lomb’s

 An extension of a nations rule over territory beyond its borders. It also refers to the establishment and maintenance of colonies in one territory by people from another country. Colonialism is the process where the sovereignty over the colony is claimed by the colonizer.The social structure, government, and economics of the colony are changed by the colonist.Colonialism also refers to the period of history from the 15^th to the 20^th century when European nation established colonies in other continents. Colonialism is the relationship between an indigenous majority and minority foreign attackers. The fundamental decisions affecting the lives of the colonized people are made and implemented by the colonial powers in pursuit of interests that are often defined by the imperial power.  Rejecting cultural compromises with the colonized population, the colonizers are convinced of their own superiority and their ordained mandate to rule. I have put a image through idea how the colonize become growth for all world or properly at England. That Map clear to how the all world colonizer in country. The postcolonial seems to have become ubiquitous. Today postcolonial .Theory has been taken up in almost every discipline in the humanitiesand social sciences, from anthropology to medieval studies to theology.It is not only about migration: intellectually it has taken the form ofTransdisciplinary  migration. It knows no boundaries, whether of disciPline nation or peoples. After the disciplinary dispersion of the postcolonial  what if anything, we might ask, remains of the postcolonial

as such? 

.

Ø Definition: Post-colonialism

          Post-colonialism is an intellectual direction sometimes also called an era or the post-colonial theory that exists since around the middle of the 20th century. It developed from and mainly refers to the time after colonialism. The post-colonial direction was created as colonial countries became independent. Nowadays, aspects of post-colonialism can be found not only in sciences concerning history, literature and politics, but also in approach to culture and identity of both the countries that were colonized and the former colonial powers. However, post-colonialism can take the colonial time as well as the time after colonialism into consideration. Post colonialism is an interdisciplinary field that examines the global impact of European colonialism; it begins in the 15th century to the present. Post colonialism as both a body of theory and a study of political and cultural change. It is broadly a study of the effects of colonialism on cultures and society.

Ø Postcolonial identity:-

                   A decolonized people develop a postcolonial identity from the cultural interactions among the types of identity cultural, national, ethnic and the social relations of sex, class, and caste; determined by the gender and the race of the colonized person; and the racism inherent to the structures of a colonial society. Postcolonial writers interested in nationhood and nationalism Post colonialism deals with the conflicts between ruler & subject, mainstream & marginalized Reclaiming  the past, searching for cultural and personal identity.

Ø      Development of postcolonial theory:

 The term decolonization seems to be of particular importance while talking about post-colonialism. In this case it means an intellectual process that persistently transfers the independence of former-colonial countries into people’s minds. The basic idea of this process is the deconstruction of old-fashioned perceptions and attitudes of power and oppression that were adopted during the time of colonialism.
First attempts to put this long-term policy of “decolonizing the minds” into practice could be regarded in the Indian population after India became independent from the British Empire in 1947. However, post-colonialism has increasingly become an object of scientific examination since 1950 when Western intellectuals began to get interested in the Third World countries. In the seventies, this interest lead to an integration of discussions about post-colonialism in various study courses at American Universities. Nowadays it also plays a remarkable role at European Universities.A major aspect of post-colonialism is the rather violent-like, unbuffered contact or clash of cultures as an inevitable result of former colonial times; the relationship of the colonial power to the formerly colonized country, its population and culture and vice versa seems extremely ambiguous and contradictory.
This contradiction of two clashing cultures and the wide scale of problems resulting from it must be regarded as a major theme in post-colonialism For centuries the colonial suppressor often had been forcing his civilized values on the natives. But when the native populations finally gained independence, the colonial relicts were still omnipresent, deeply integrated in the natives’ minds and we supposed to  be removed.sssSo decolonization is a process of change, destruction and, in the first place, an attempt to regain and lose power. While natives had to learn how to put independence into practice, colonial powers had to accept the loss of power over foreign countries. However, both sides have to deal with their past as suppressor and suppressed.

Ø Post colonial critics :-

Edward Said, Bill Ashcroft, Nagugi wa Thiongo, Homi Bhabha, Frantz Fanon, Chinua Achebe, Leela Gandhi, Gayatri Spivak, Hamid Dabashi, Helen Tiffin.

Some of the writers’ contribution is notable in post colonial writing.

1)   Edward Said:

In his work he describe the "binary social relation" with which Western Europe intellectually divided the world—into the "Occident" and the "Orient"—the cultural critic Edward Said developed the denotations and connotations of the term Orientalism (an art-history term for Western depictions and the study of the Orient). This is the concept that the cultural representations generated with us-and-them binary relation are social constructs. He should be considered as the ‘father of post colonialism.’

2)   Gayatri Spivak:

In establishing the Postcolonial definition of the term Subaltern, the philosopher and theoretician Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak cautioned against assigning an over-broad connotation Spivak also introduced the terms essentialism and strategic essentialism to describe the social functions of post colonialism. Spivak developed and applied Foucault's term epistemic violence to describe the destruction of non Western ways of perceiving the world, and the resultant dominance of the Western ways of perceiving the world. Her work like ‘can subaltern speak’ is deal with this.

3)   Homi Bhabha:

             Homi  Bhabha’s work including ‘The location of culture’ focuses on the politics, emotions and values that exist in the space between the colonizers and colonized. Bhabha like to use the word “Hybrid” to describe post colonial people.

Ø Post-colonial development in India:

The Partition of India also called the Great Divided lead to huge movements and an ethnic conflict across the Indin-Pakistani border. Today, apart from the significant economic progress, India is still facing its old problems: Poverty, overpopulation, environmental pollution as well as ethnic and religious conflicts between Hindus and Muslims. Concerning post-colonial literature, Edward Said’s book “Orientalism” published in 1978 is regarded as the beginning of post-colonial studies. In this book the author analyses how European states initiated colonialism as a result of what they called their own racial superiority.

The religious-ethnic conflicts between different groups of people play an important role in the early years of post-colonialism. Eye-witnesses from both sides of the Indian-Pakistani conflict wrote about their feelings and experience during genocide, being confronted to blind and irrational violence and hatred. The Partition is often described as an Indian trauma.

One example for a post-colonial scriptwriter who wrote about this conflict is Saddat Hasan Manto 1912 to1955. He was forced to leave Bombay and to settle in Lahore, Pakistan. He published a collection of stories and sketches that deal with this dark era of Indian history and its immense social consequences and uncountable tragedies.

Furthermore, there are many different approaches to the topic of intercultural exchange between the British and the Indian population. Uncountable essays and novels deal with the ambiguous relationship between these two nations. One particularly interesting phenomenon is that authors from both sides try to write from different angles and perspectives and in that way to show empathy with their cultural counterpart.

The most famous novelist who wrote about these social and cultural exchanges is Salman Rushdie. Rushdie, who won the booker prize among various others, was born in India, but studied in England and started writing books about India and the British in the early eighties. His funny, brave, metaphoric and sometimes even ironical way of writing offers a multi-perspective approach to the post-colonial complex. This can be also seen in his book “Midnight’s Children”.

Another famous post-colonial novel is Heat and Dust  published in 1975 by Ruth Prawer Jhabvala that contains two plot set in different times: One about a British lady starting an affair with a local Indian prince in the 1920s, the other one set in the 1970s, featuring young Europeans on a “hippie trail” who claim they have left behind Western civilization and are trying to some spiritual home among Indian gurus. India has managed to become an independent state with its own political system and is still working to find its own identity. The longer the process of decolonization, the more we get the impression that only a middle course between the acceptance of British legacies and the creation of a new unique Indian self-confidence will be the right way to go for India.

Ø Conclusion:-

                   Ania Lomba defined colonialism and  Post colonialism  through the Various angles and discourse. That I’m trying to put in a very simple way. In which she was mainly discussed about colonialism and Postcolonialism, imperialism, Neo-colonialism and Identities, Race, Psychoanalysis, Gender sexuality, Hybridity, Nationalism, and Globalization etc. some core points of her view towards ‘colonialism Postcolonialism.

http://www.enotes.com/topics/postcolonialism/critical-essays/postcolonialism

·         http://www.academia.edu/2662908/Postcolonialism_A_Brief_Overview

http://www.nilsole.net/referate/post-colonialism-definition-development-and-examples-from-india/

AssignmentPaper no.10

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Name                :-   Bambha Kajal A

Sem                  :-   3

Roll no              :-   17

Year                  :-   2017-2019

Paper no           :-     The American Literature

Enrollment no  :-  2069108420180002

Email id           :-   kajalbambha16@gmail.com

Submitted to    :-   Smt.S.B Gardi Department of  English, MKBU  

Topic: -       Robert Frost’s use of Symbols in his poems.

v Introduction:-

                   Robert Frost was an American poet. His work was initial published in England before it was published in America. Known for his realistic depictions of rural life and his command of American colloquy .Frost frequently wrote about settings from rural life in New England in the early twentieth century, using them to examine complex social and philosophical themes.

Although frost’s images and voice often seem familiar and old and his observation have an edge of skepticism and irony his poetry of his poetry helped provide a link between the American poetry of the 19^th century and that of the 20^th century.

He was elected to the membership of the national institute of arts in 1916 to membership in the American academy in 1930. Fore time he was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for poetry. Frost second collection, north of Boston, was published in 1914 and also won praise in England.  While l giving on farms in Vermont and New Hampshire and teaching literature at Amherst College of  the University of Michigan, Harvard University and Dartmouth College.

Frost’s poetry reflects life in rural New England and the language. He used was the uncomplicated speech that region. He evokes a wide range of emotions and his poems often shift dramatically from humorous tones to tragic ones in 1916.

v Symbolism :-

                      In the Nineteenth-century America, a symbolism was a prominent element in the novels of Nathaniel Hawthorne and Herman Melville, the prose of Emerson and Thoreau, and the poetic theory and practice of Poe. The writers derived this mode in large part from the native puritan tradition of divine topology. Symbolist movement began with specifically a group of the French writes beginning with Charles Baudelaire, Paul Nerlaine,  Stephane Mallarme and Paul Valery.

v Importance of symbols:-

                            In addition to the meanings, Symbols evoke the eyes of our mind. Symbols are emotionally rich. Symbols make the language rich and expressive. Inexpressible concepts can be expressed through symbols. Symbols can be used to express mystery There are two symbol use of Robert frost poetry.

1)   Regions used as Symbols

2)   Symbol from Nature:

v Symbol:-

                Symbolism transforms the phenomenon into idea, the idea into an image, and in such a way the idea remains always infinitely active an unapproachable in the image and even if expressed in all language, still would remain in expressible. The term Symbol is applied only to a word or phrase that signifies an objects or event which in its turn signifies something, or suggests a range of reference, beyond it. Some symbol are conventional or  Public thus The Cross  ‘The Red, White, and Blue’ and ‘The Good Shepherd are terms that refer to symbolic objects.

v Types of Symbolism in literature:

                              Robert Forts used of the different symbolism to represent a particular concept. Throughout various forms of literature, the following symbols in his poetry.

1)   Symbolism in Design

                           This poem is in the form of sonnet octave and sextet about comparison, discussion and questioning he natural process .Here Frost suggest that how design of God works. God is designer of nature and all natural process happening around us. There is also good and evil natural forces existence in the world. It is designed by God. The poem starts with a white - spider preying a white moth on a heal - all. The flower holds the moth. But it cannot able to stop this tragic incident. It was dark, horrible force of nature.

White - spider, white - flower and white - moth this symbol of whiteness suggests evil and darkness. There is no purity in it. White symbol of innocent and purity become symbol of dark activity. Moth have to struggle against evil force ' spider This  process indicates natural force controls one another's existence. This is irony on design or God's design.

(2) Symbolism in Fire and Ice

Symbolism is the key to this poem. Frost very explicitly makes symbols as given below.

Fire: Warmth, Emotions, Desire

Ice: Coldness, Dryness, Hatred

In both poems we can say same sign of fire and ice, symbolism of same thing but with different meaning. Fire and ice have same feeling of burning and capacity of disaster. 

The poem itself does not require a large amount of explanation as to meaning of words and  phrases, due to Frost’s concentration on making the poem readable and understandable by all. Despite the simplicity of the language use, the poem carries with it very deep thematic ideas. Essentially, Frost is providing commentary upon two of the darkest traits of humanity: the capacity to hate, and the capacity to be consumed by lust.

            In giving desire the foremost position in regards to the destruction of the world, Frost is providing a powerful statement on the subject of greed and jealousy, saying that above all else, even hatred, this is the trait of humanity that is most likely to lead to its demise.

               In poem of Spenser, poet compares his love with he is like  fire  and his love is like ice, that coldness of his love will melted him, with  power of love. In poem of Robert Frost sign use as compared with  desire and hate, both have capacity of ending the world and  dangerous for world .so we can say different meaning of same sign in both poems.

(3) Symbolism in “Stopping By woods on a snowy Evening:-

                                     

          Stopping By woods on a snowy Evening’ is one of the moving lyric of Frost. William o’ Conner says-Like Milten’s sonnet “on his Blindness and Arnold’s Dover Beach, seems to have established itself permanently in anthologies Stopping by woods has rich texture and admits some interpretation. If we see its surface meaning, it seems to us as if a simple take that depicts the poet pause the woods. The poet is getting lost in the fascinating snowfall but soon remembers that his journey and many miles to go.

Frost technique of communication is essentially symbolic. Frost conveys his message through rich symbols. He states his themes with the help of symbols.

(4)The Gift Outright:-

The Gift Outright” serves as history, narrative, metaphor, and political statement. Its subject matter the origins and future of the United States of America makes it a logical choice for his presentation at President Kennedy’s inauguration. It serves as both a reminder of the past and a call to action for the future.

Frost begins with no proper nouns to orient readers to his subject matter; he draws them in by his use of pronouns the corporate and individual meanings of we and the land as she. He refers to the “hundred years” preceding the designation as her people. The British colonized what became the United States of America, and the  we  of  the poem in turn colonized the her, the land itself, by inhabiting it without the responsibilities of possession.

(5)Mending wall

                             He does not believe that a wall should exist simply for the sake of existing. Moreover, he cannot help but notice that the natural world seems to dislike the wall as much as he does: mysterious gaps appear, boulders fall for no reason. The neighbor, on the other hand, asserts that the wall is crucial to maintaining their relationship, asserting, “Good fences make good neighbors.”

The central situation of the poem has given scope to a social or symbolic interpretation and cultural problems have been analyzed as well. Robert Frost tries to search human tendency and the social aspects. He overtly observed the human psychology. Frost tries to find out the factual situation of the human tendency in critical moment, so that the poet wants to suggest that the man has become a wayward. He search himself in the whimsical world .He reveals the realistic picture of the society. He described the social confrontation before the readers and also expressed his idea and suggestion through the lyrics. He shows the right path and way of life where man is thoroughly invisible in day to day life. Frost suggests that human being should get an internal relief in chaotic situation. It is a human exploration by Frost.

.

(6)Home Burial

                  "Home Burial" is one of Robert Frost's longest poems, and it can also be considered one of his most emotionally disturbing ones. "Home Burial," published in 1914, tells the story of a married couple fighting after their baby has died.

Frost describes two terrible events the death of a child and the destruction of a marriage. The death of the child is tragic, but inability of the husband and wife to communicate with each other and express their grief about the loss is what ultimately destroys the marriage. Frost highlights this inability to communicate by writing the poem in free verse dialogue; each character speaks clearly to the reader, but neither is able to understand the other.

The poem is a study of misinterpretation.  The man reacts to the death of his child by throwing himself into his work, figuratively, and by focusing on a fence.  She sees him as throwing dirt from the child's grave as if he were doing anything else, as if he were performing any usual chore.  He comments on the fence deteriorating, and she fails to see that to him, the fence may represent the child, or at least, that he is attempting to ignore his grief by focusing on something else. Frost in "Home Burial" demonstrates his ability to present a vignette featuring common people using the rigid form of iambic rhythm and meter, and to make even the dialogue appear and sound natural. 

v Conclusion:-

Frost’s poems are symbolically mysterious. They are suggestive and indirect. Readers have to take trouble to comprehend. Frost’s symbolic poem fully one needs to do homework. One should have they knowledge of the solid background of Frost poems. Then and then one could understand the hidden meaning of his poems. which are very difficult to understand yet after several reading of these poems one can grasp the meaning.

s Frost’s poem reflects deep appreciation of natural world. So we can easily follow deeper meaning without any objection. Frost recognized the boundaries of man and nature. His poetry is an evidence of man’s relation with nature.

Work cited :-

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Frost

https://www.bartleby.com/essay/Symbols-and-Symbolism-in-the-Poems-of-F3ZKARZTJ