CONTEMPORARY DEBATES AND MARIO VARGOS LLOSA

                  Thinking activity on contemporary issues


Here I am trying to give my point of view on contemporary issues. Cultural studies produce problem on Nationalism , liberal thinkers, stimulation  honesty , literature and morality, political   corrector and freedom.

Nationalism involance akind of racism, that it creates certain types of between people on their culture , convention and social scales. There will be concept in minds of people that they are superior to other who belongs to different culture, nation and race.

Liberalism defends ideas of freedom. That we find injustice , inferiority complex and discrimination against women around us. Liberal thinker means the rejection of collectivism or to challenge the same archetype followed by years.

So indirectly corruption skin honesty and chances of political corrector.
 some challenges are very unexceptional to democracy. Some new changes makes great challenge to democracy like in India:

                 For example ,Demonetisation done in India that conflicts with positive and negative appearance.

Cultural Studies

                                  


               Thinking activity on Cultural studies:Power and Media 


  

 The first of all we have to wisdom about culture.So which is Culture ? It is almost impossible to define Cultural Studies in definite terms. It is difficult because the concept of Culture itself has been made shadowy.Culture is all about power, or culture is produced. Cultural studies focuses on mass or popular culture.

Power :-

 

 

         

Power  is the intelligence to make others do what you would have them perform. It can be family, work place, relationship.The dynamics of power are never stable. Power is not like evil, from which we have feel some anxiety, but it's like a fire.
                

                   Cultural studies is interested in the process by which power relations between and within group of human beings organize cultural artefact and their meaning.
                 

                 The study of cultural study is not perfect without the study of power.Meaning are governed by power relations.Power since each artefact practice receive validity and value. Cultural issues and theme are mediated through questions of economy and politics.Culture is therefore about power.
              

                

 Media :-

The propaganda model seeks to explain media behavior by examining the institutional pressures that constrain and influence news content within a capitalist system. It flies in the face of theories that argue that journalism is by its nature adversarial to established power. The propaganda model predicts that corporate-owned media will consistently produce news content that serves the interests of established power and money.

       The five filters are as follows :-

Ownership

Corporate media firms share common interests with other sectors of the economy. They therefore, have a stake in maintaining an economic and political climate conducive to the profitability of all their arms. They are unlikely to be critical of political policies that directly benefit them.

Advertising

Advertising is a primary source of income for modern news media. To remain profitable, media must rely on advertising dollars for the bulk of their revenue. So, it is against the interest of the news media to produce content that might antagonize advertisers.

Sourcing

Elite news media companies have the resources to facilitate the news-gathering process by sending correspondents to far-off places, provide photo-ops, new conferences, press releases, etc… Largely, these canned news pieces take advantage of the news media’s need for continuous and cheap news content (you have to fill the 24/7 news cycles somehow). Business leaders, politicians, and government officials are viewed as credible and unbiased sources in this system and fact-checking or otherly costly research is therefore cast aside.

“The mass media are drawn into a symbiotic relationship with powerful sources of information by economic necessity and reciprocity of interest.”

Flak

Flak refers to the negative commentary to a new story or journalist that can work to police and discipline news agencies and those working for them. Stray too far from consensus and flak will get you. Flak includes lawsuits, complaints, petitions, and government sanctions.

Anti-Communism and Fear

This heading can be boiled down to; an external enemy or threat. Manifesting as anti-communism during the Cold War period when Manufacturing Consent was published, this filter still operates. In the post-9/11 political climate, this filter can be better assigned to fear of Muslims and a continuation of fear of Mexicans. This filter mobilizes the population against a common enemy (terrorism, energy insecurity, an entire people) while demonizing opponents as insufficiently patriotic or in league with the enemy.

Frankenstein Thinking Activity

                     Science v/s Nature In Frankenstein 




 

Leaving in rapidly changing world, people have reached to the depth of ocean. To quest and enlighten ourselves are the 12th century's people. Discovered and invented gadgets have not been remained utilized and they are running behind new. It can be called curiosity and eagerness and unsteadiness of human beings. The civilized people do not stop learning. Whereas the point at which someone stands up and says, “okay, that enough enlightening for now, we are good for another few centuries”. For better or worse, human quest is still going today. Science is becoming now a basic essential not only that but an intoxication. It propels people to search something new for science's sake not for our happiness. Behind the rat-race, human beings keep exploring their ideas, keep experimenting, and finding not assumed result, still working. Sometime, why don’t people find good result in the arena of science and technology and turn into menace? This is what Frankenstein deals with.

Why is Victor Frankenstein motivated to plunge in bringing new life from inanimate body parts? Frankenstein's life was destroyed because of an obsession with the power that he possessed by education of science to create new life where none had been before. Sometime his evolving mind in the field of science and eagerness reminds us Charles Darwin’s famous lines for Theory of Spices,

Man is not the first and final creation of God,

It is just an accident from an ameba to an ape

and ape to man and their might be super man

to come.

But becoming supermen, human being do not find result-oriented save repercussions that they face throughout the life and it is because nature does not remain in people’s side to support but vice versa. It is against the law of Nature that Victor had created a huge, grotesque and man like a monster. The basic reason behind Victor’s creation was his desire to keep science in his hand, to triumph over nature. He says, “My eyes were insensible to charm of nature” that shows that how Victor’s conflicting thoughts against nature are! And one of the important things is his thirst for knowledge what exactly Dr. Faustus had in Marlowe’s play Dr. Faustus.   

 

 

 

Nature can be rendered as both human nature as well as an omnipotent or natural cycle of every leaving being. In these two phenomena, science does not prepare its place because it contains artificiality that a monster, a nameless creature on the earth, does not have. He behaves as naturally as other normal being. He helps people, because a victim of great hatred, disgusting, insulted, kicked, humiliated, got nothing in return to rescuing a girl when she was drowning and ultimately all circumstances turn him a real monster from real human being. This humiliation is not really a humiliation of monster but of nature itself. Addition to that he reads, studies and learns Goethe’s Sorrow Of Werter, a volume of Plutarch’s ‘Lives’ and John Milton’s Paradise Lost.  This reading makes him realized what is human nature, what is his real identity. So whole process of learning stands for nature's education of human being what they are. He comes to know where he is standing for what.

 

 

Keeping Charles Darwin's idea of evolution, one may lead to believe that throughout the novel, the monster remains a monster whereas Frankenstein travels from man to monster. Monster evolves by observing people and reading books of literature. Somewhere the idea of appearance v/s reality pertains directly to science v/s nature. Because reality is totally opposite to appearance. Science can be rendered as an appearance. For a while it seems a white angel but when it turns into devil, it shows the real nature of human being. What seems appearance is not exactly reality. Victor could not understand his creation (Reality, Nature) and when the reality turns into devil. He had to drink a bitter draughts of the outcome of reality. So Victor (Appearance) and the monster never remain in good terms till their end. Tragic full point of Victor leads him to say,

“But before I continue my narrative,

I must record an incident.”

This ‘must’ is a culmination of his scientific life. This “must’ indicates the conflict between him and monster because whatever happened in past between Victor and monster, cannot be forgotten easily, It becomes a memory of the past. Generally speaking, the scientist invents something special but not something odd and strange. So it becomes common need. But Victor’s was a reverse case. Not need, but the desire that ignited by his Chemistry professor Mr. Waldman of an irrepressible gain of ruthless pursuit of knowledge that results only end with his creation. He does not possess only knowledge of science but transcends its territory and even he goes beyond the nature also, that shows his arrogance, nothing else. He becomes conscious and cautious of his gradual loss of touch with humanity. He views science as an base of getting new knowledge. His pursuit of scientific knowledge reveals a great deal about his perceptions of science in general. He just leaves his family to become a king of science like Dr. Faustus leaves his soul to become a king of magic and black craft in science’s name.

 

The monster does not have any relative. Neither he nor other is there to cry after his death. So he always gets benefit of Victor’s incalculable fatigue. This is how they act and react to each other. These action and reaction are inexorably the crux among science and nature. They act and react with an arrowy swiftness. The very crucial and valuable point of the essay lies in below stated line that is more symbolic and relevant to nature’s rage upon mankind.

“The rain was pouring in torrent.”

This line has a deep innuendo that human beings have to pass from reality that is ultimate death. The monster also goes away after atoning on his creator’s body. No one can escape from nature’s clutches. Even the Master of Science has to put his ornaments on the land and to die. The nature requires just a bit of moment to vex human being and this happens in the novel Frankenstein. To sum up the discussion, one reaches to a place where Nature always conquers everyone who goes beyond it. In the novel nature is macrocosm of the monster and the monster is a microcosm of nature in real sense of the term. By conflict between science and nature, Marrey Shelley wants to say that science is not still everything. It is limited and should be limited otherwise people have to face its repercussions.

 

 

 

 

Sense and sensibility thinking activity

Irony and style in Sense and Sensibility




Jane Austen works of romantic fiction, set among the landed gentry, earned her a place as one of the most widdly read writers in English literature.Her realism and biting social commentary commenting her historical importance among scholars and critics. During this period, she experimented with various literary forms, including the fourth. from 1811 until 1816, with the release of sense and sensibility.Her work brought her little personal fame and only a few positive reviews during her lifetime, but the publication in 1869 of her nephew’s memoir of Jane Austen introduce her to a become widely Accepted in academia as great English writer.

Irony in sense and sensibility:-








· she was a woman who spent her days in sitting , nicely dressed, on a safe doing some long piece of needlework of little use and no beauty , thinking more of her pug than her children ,but very indulgent to the latter when it did not put herself to inconvenience.


· Irony” is one of Austen’s most haricot eristic and most discussed literary techniques. She contrast the plain meaning of a statement with the comic, undermining the meaning of the original to create ironic isjunctions .in her juvenile works , she relies upon satire , the article is about the genre. For the mythological creature, so satyr.


· Satire is a genre of literature, and sometimes graphic and performing arts. In wich vices, fillies, abuses, and shortcoming are held up to ridicule, ideally with the intent of shaming individualism, corporations, government or society itself, into improvement. Although satire is usually meant to be humorous ,its greater purpose is often constructive social criticism , using wit as a weapon and as a tool to draw attention to both particular and wider issues in society.she relies upon satire ,parody , and irony based on incongruity


· Here mature novels employ irony to foregrounds social hypocrisy .in particular Austen uses irony to critique the marriage market.




For example :-




Perhaps the most famous example of irony in Austen is the opening line of pride and prejudice.


it is a truth universally acknowledged , that a single man be in want of a wife”. A first glance the sentence is straightforward and plausible , but the plot of the novel contradicts it:


The use of irony in Jane Austen's novel :-

In the context of Austen, irony is best understood as a mode of expression that calls into question the way things appear. As Marvin mud rick remark, ‘irony …consists and pretension, between being and seeming , between …man as he is and mass as a kind of relief from man’s involve met toward delusion and error’. Austen, however, used irony for satiric as well as comic effect. Often, then the ironic comments in her novels do more than exposed her character’s misguided assumption ; irony helps her condom the social norms that helps foster such beliefs. In Austen’s novels appear in immamorable ways ,it is occur during a verbal exchange for instance, in sense and sensibility , this is how Elinor defends colonel Borden’s use of a bland waistcoat .that he been only in a violent fevet, you would not have despised him half so much .


For example:-

In Emma, the fact that Emma blithely idealized portrait of Harriet smith underscores the fact that Emma imagines much that is not true about her Newfield.Austen’s irony may also depend upon a disparity between what can be seen and what is invisible. Willoughby’s person and air are equal to what for the hero of a favorite’s story’; however, he behaves like a cad.Austin’s portrayal of sir john Middleton and Lady Middleton is also ironic in the sense that Austen highlights their idle existence.






Austen’s writing style in sense and sensibility :






Jane Austen is considered to be one the world’s greatest novelist .the earliest novel, sense and sensibility, is the story two sister who must grow in opposite ways.Austen distinct style is evident throughout.The novel .Austen creates a world that is indirect but realistic .the reader must evident throughout the novel.

I A Richards - The Figurative Language Thinking Activity

Here I am sharing my views on I.A.Richards Figurative Language with the example of the Gujrati Gazal :-  એ રીતે 


                                                         એ રીતે – ભરત વિંઝુડા

એકબીજામાં વાદળ ભળે એ રીતે
કોઈ નજદીક આવે, મળે એ રીતે !


એ અહીંથી જઈને અહીં આવશે
એક રસ્તો જ પાછો વળે એ રીતે !


હોય નહીં સાવ પાસે છતાં હોય તે
સાદ પાડો અને સાંભળે એ રીતે !


જાણે હમણાં જ કાંઠાઓ તૂટી જશે
જળ સમંદર મહીં ઊછળે એ રીતે !


હું બળું છું અને તેય અંદર ફકત
એક કમરામાં દીવો બળે એ રીતે !
                                                                  – ભરત વિંઝુડા

 

  Analysis: In thi Gujrati Gazal poet  Use opposite words like:- વાદળ , રસ્તો જ પાછો વળે , કાંઠાઓ તૂટી જશે,  કમરામાં દીવો બળે  and in this way he express his  potent emotions.

                                            

Northrop Frye: The Archetypes of Literature

 

1. What is Archetypal Criticism? What does the archetypal critic do?

 

In literary criticism the term Archetype is used to show the recurrent narratives, designs, pattern of action, character types, themes and images which can be seen in wide variety of other literary works as well as in myths, dreams and even social rituals. And after much time reoccurred in works they become universal forms of pattern and symbols. And thus when the attentive reader read it, he finds that pattern. The archetypal critic tries to find this pattern, symbols and myths in present literary works.

 

2. What is Frye trying prove by giving an analogy of ' Physics to Nature'and   Criticism to Literature?

 

  Northrop Frye trying proves by giving an analogy of ‘Physics to Nature’ and ‘Criticism to Literature’. While, Physics is an organized body of knowledge about nature, and a student of it says that he is learning physics, not that he is learning nature. Art, like nature, is the subject of a systematic study, and the study itself, which is criticism. It is therefore impossible to “learn literature”: one learns about it in a certain way, but what one learns, transitively, is the criticism of literature. So, while no one expects literature it self to behave like a science, there is surely no reason why criticism, as a systematic and organized study, should not be, at least partly, a science.

 

 3. Share your views of Criticism as an organised body of knowledge. Mention relation of literature with history and philosophy.

 

 We can say that, criticism as an organized body of knowledge and we finds that literature is the central division of the “humanities,” flanked on one side by history and on the other by philosophy. The systematic mental organization of the subject, the student has to turn to the conceptual framework of the historian for events, and to that of the philosopher for ideas.

 

4. Briefly explain inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare's Hamlet's Grave Digger's scene.

 

 We can say that, Inductive method with illustration of Shakespeare’s Hamlet’s Grave Digger’s Scene. ‘Hamlet’ is a play. In particular, the literary anthropologist who chases the source of the Hamlet legend from the pre-Shakespeare play to Saxo, and from Saxo to nature –myths, is not running away from Shakespeare: he is drawing closer to the archetypal from which Shakespeare

.

5. Briefly explain deductive method with reference to an analogy to Music, Painting, rhythm and pattern. Give examples of the outcome of deductive method. 

 

As we know that, Deductive method it means from general to particular. The music, painting, rhythm and pattern there are all arts may be conceived both temporally and spatially. The criticism of painting that is why we are apt to think of narrative as a sequential representation of vents in an outside “life” and of meaning as a reflection of some external “idea”. Similarly an image is not merely a verbal replica of an external object, but any unit of a verbal structure seen as part of a total pattern or rhythm.

 

6. Refer to the Indian seasonal grid (below). If you can, please read small Gujarati or Hindi or English poem from the archetypal approach and apply Indian seasonal grid in the interpretation.

 

 Here, I applied Indian seasonal grid in this poem…….
“Vasantni vasaliyo vagi,
Tahuki uthe paan,
Lachak lahere jumi nache ,
Akhe akhu gaam.”
In India we can find, spring is a season of Happiness. When spring come at that time all person fill Happiness. Same as in literature also gives as pleasure and moral. So in this poem we understand very well…..

Structuralism and Literary Criticism :- thinking activity

 Structuralism and literary criticism this essay is given by Gerard Genett, who was French literary formula. Structuralism: It is the offshoot of certain developments in linguistics and anthropology.
      There are many structuralist critics like Ferdinand , Gerard Genett, claude-levi-strass, Roland Barthes were prominent structuralist critics of literature. They also believed that every work goes with same structure. For example:In most of the films and literature also based on same theme like love and death.Most of the Western authors story same structure as Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet. And literary work has also common structure like starting climax and End...to understand structuralism.
       According to Saussure the sign us constituted by the “signifier” and “signified”. Signifier us the ‘word’ or the alphabets which are arranged in a particular order while the signified is the ‘concept’ that the signifier stand for.

Here we find Gerard Genett narratology includes many sub parts like:-
     

     1)  command

     2)   Duration

     3)    Voice

      4)   Temper

         
 
         In films ,most of the hindi movies have same structure of love stories but presenting way is different type also.for example: Karan johar’s movies have same structure also.And another example like the movie p.k. and OMG has same structure.

         For example ,

Serial like crime patrol, cid,Adalat helps to understand the narratology where we find order, mood,duration, narrative techniques.
          Many times ,we find same structure of text and film like ‘ Ramayana’ and film’ hum sath sath hai’.The concept of joint family. The text and film has same structure.



   


      

Derida and Deconstruction thinking activity

I think that deconstruction is a theory. It is system of reading which questions and claim to ‘subvert’ or ‘undermine’ the assumption regarding system of language. It shows conflicting forces within the text. In new criticism text remained in the center while in this process the importance of the reader and his understanding increased or reader response theory. 

~ Post Structuralist view that there is no ‘a-textual origin’ of text. If here I give the example of the movie ‘Kuch kuch hota he’ In this movie we can say that if we take Shahrukh as a center. Then any audience take Salaman as a centre so that is new movie. Then any other person take Professor (Anupam kher) as a centre so another movie. So we can say that there is no ‘a textual origin’ of text.
Then post sructuralist critic ‘read the text against itself so ‘textual subcinscious’. In this movie Shahrukh said that ‘Ham jindagi me ek bar jite he, ek bar marate he, Shadi bhi ek hi bar hoti he aur pyar bhi ek hi bar hota he’. But in this movie we can see that first he married with Rani Mukharaji and then once again he married with Kajol. So in this movie he speak that dialogue and then he married twice in the movie. So here we can see ‘movie against itself’.
 

Fiction and Lies

The word Fiction means conception means thought. It never exist in real life. For example 'Metamorphosis' written by Franz Kafka. Gregor Samsa Transformed into a large bug. And in the second part Gregor climbing the walls and Ceiling. It all the lies.
The word 'Alternative Fact' means about the existence of any subject, events or any other things, there is one of two or more available potential of existence of anything.

 
Edmund, in CS Lewis’s The Lion, the
Witch and the Wardrobe

Edmund meets the White White in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe.
Edmund meets the White White in The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe. Photograph: theguardian.com
Edmund’s lie of omission, failing to tell his siblings about his encounter with the White Witch, drives much of the drama in the first Narnia story. Interestingly, though, he is probably judged more harshly by contemporary readers than Lewis intended. It is almost impossible, now, to imagine the feelings a child – used to the privations of wartime Britain – might experience on being offered some Turkish Delight. This is one of those occasions where some of the context is lost in the passage of history. If you had grown up with rationing, been shipped out to the country for protection, and found yourself in a magical land where you were offered extraordinary, rarefied sweet things, wouldn’t you lie too?